Spinoza.

 

 

I believe Russell does much justice and a little injustice to Spinoza in the above chapter of his great work. The injustice is in contending an incompatibility with modern physics, but the awareness of quantum field theory was not general at this time. It is true that Spinoza's concepts of cause and determinism are rather too sublunary for a philosophy of God, but he did not mean that we are powerless or lacking complexity. It is always difficult to frame God's Providence in human terms.